Objective To investigate the epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and the population distribution and virus-carrying status of host animals in Fujian province, China, from 2016 to 2018, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating feasible prevention and control measures for HFRS. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to perform a statistical analysis of HFRS case data and host monitoring data in Fujian which were reported in Surveillance Information Reporting and Management System in 2016-2018. The ratio was compared by χ ² test. Results A total of 1 184 HFRS cases were reported in Fujian from 2016 to 2018, with a mean annual incidence rate of 1.02/100 000, and there were 2 deaths, resulting in a mortality rate of 0.17%. Most cases were observed in Nanping, Quanzhou, and Sanming cities. The cases were reported all year round, with the peaks in March to May and November to February, and the peak in spring was higher than that in winter. The high-risk population was young men, and the highest incidence rate was observed in men aged 65-70 years and women aged 60-65 years. A total of 12 854 effective cages were set in the surveillance sites of Fujian and 845 rodents were captured, with a mean density of rodents of 6.57%. A total of 845 lung samples were collected, among which 48 were positive, and the 3-year mean virus-carrying rat index was 0.06. Conclusion The incidence rate of HFRS in Fujian province tends to first decrease and then increase from 2016 to 2018, with high rodent density and virus-carrying rate, and there is still a risk of HFRS outbreak. It is recommended to adopt comprehensive prevention and control measures of vaccination and deratization.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of applying DNA barcoding to identify common rodent species in Fujian province, China. Methods From 2017 to 2018, a total of 77 rodent specimens from 11 species and 5 genera were collected from some areas of Fujian province with cage traps in the daytime. Nucleic acid extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as well as gene sequencing, were performed to obtain their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunitⅠ(COⅠ) gene fragment sequences. Then the sequences were analyzed by homology alignment, genetic distance analysis, and phylogenetic tree construction to identify the species of the rodents. The identification results were compared with those of classical morphological identification. Results The specific COⅠgene fragments extracted from all the specimens could be amplified by PCR to produce bands, and their sequences all matched the corresponding known rodent species in GenBank database; the homology was 97.88% and above. The mean inter- and intra-specific genetic distances were 15.31% and 0.21%, respectively; the former was substantially bigger than the latter. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the same species of rodents were all clustered in the same evolutionary branch with high reliability. Among the 77 specimens, 3 had different identification results. After morphological re-identification, the results of field identification were found to be incorrect. Conclusion DNA barcoding can be applied to identify the common rodent species in Fujian province as a supplement to morphological identification.

Objective To investigate the type and range of natural focus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Fujian province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of this disease. Methods An investigation of host animals of HFRS was carried out in 15 surveillance sites between 2009 and 2017. Rodents were captured using cages at night, and the rodent density and constituent ratios were calculated. Immunofluorescent assay was used to detect and identify hantavirus (HV) antigen in rodent lungs. Results The mean rodent density was 7.05% in the 15 surveillance sites, and Rattus norvegicus, which carried Seoul HV, was the dominant species. The mean virus-carrying rate of rodents was 6.27%, and R. norvegicus accounted for 83.78%. The mean virus-carrying index of rodents was 0.07, and Longhai had the highest virus-carrying index of rodents 0.12. HV antigen was detected for the first time from R. norvegicus in the cities or counties of Anxi, Shaxian, Longhai, Zhangpu, Dehua, Wuping, Yunxiao, and Qingliu, and from R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi in the counties of Hua'an, Jiangle, and Mingxi. Conclusion It is confirmed for the first time that there are natural foci of HFRS in the 11 surveillance sites. Rattus norvegicus carrying Seoul HV is the main host animal and source of infection with HFRS. The epidemic area of domestic rodent-type HFRS is spreading to the southern and western areas in Fujian province, and widely distributed.

Objective To preliminarily explore the infection status and molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi in rodents in parts of Fujian province. Methods Rodents were captured by the cage method in 5 counties (cities), i.e., Shaowu, Gutian, Shishi, Minhou, and Changle from April 2017 to June 2018. Nucleic acids were then extracted from rodent tissue samples (e.g., liver and kidney). After that, the fragments of 5S-23S rRNA were amplified by nested PCR, and sequencing results were analyzed by MEGA 6.0 software. Results A total of 192 rodents were captured, of which 81 were commensal rodents, accounting for 42.19% (81/192), and 111 wild rodents, accounting for 57.81% (111/192). Among all the rodents, four were detected to be positive for Lyme, accounting for 2.08% (4/192). Of the Lyme-positive rodents, one was commensal rodent, accounting for 1.23% (1/81) of all the commensal ones, and three wild rodents, accounting for 2.70% (3/111). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that SW14 from Shaowu and SS53 from Shishi were both B. valaisiana. The gene sequences of the two strains were identical or highly similar to those of B. valaisiana isolate R48 (EU160458.2) and B. valaisiana isolate 11 (JX888445.1), respectively. The gene sequences of both the SW15 from Shaowu and the GT38 from Gutian were different from those of above-mentioned B. valaisiana. Conclusion Rodents carry B. burgdorferi in the five surveyed counties (cities). The genotype (i.e., B. valaisiana) is consistent with that in the surrounding provinces.

Objective To investigate the epidemic of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in Fujian province, China and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of this disease. Methods The data on the epidemic of HFRS in 2013-2015 in Fujian province were subjected to statistical analysis. Rodents were captured using cages at night, and the population density and community structure of captured rodents was determined. Hantavirus(HV) antigen was detected and identified from rodent lungs by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Results A total of 1 309 cases of HFRS were reported in Fujian in 2013-2015, with an incidence of 1.16/100 000. The cases were widely distributed, county-level cities, or districts. The cases of HFRS were the highest in Shaowu, Jinjiang and Shishi city. The surveillance of rodents showed that the mean population density of rodents was 6.83% indoors, and Rattus norvegicus, which carried Soul virus, was the predominant species. In the mixed epidemic area,the mean population density of rodents was 5.60% in the field, and Apodemus agrarius was the predominant species. HV antigen was detected for the first time from R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi in Yunxiao, Qingliu, and Mingxi counties. Conclusion Rattus norvegicus is still the main host animal of HFRS in Fujian. The incidence of HFRS was at the highest level in 2013-2015 in Fujian, especially in Shaowu city, Songxi, Zhenghe, and Zhouning counties. Rodent control should be well performed, and HFRS bivalent vaccine should be widely used among the high-risk populations, so as to reduce the incidence and prevent the outbreak of HFRS.

Objective To study the population distribution of mosquitoes and their seasonality in Jilin province and to provide reference for controlling mosquito-borne diseases. Methods From May to October in 2015, light traps were used for mosquito density surveillance in the urban areas of nine cities in Jilin province. Results A total of 13 397 mosquitoes (4 species, 3 genera) were collected, Culex pipiens pallens was the predominant species, accounting for 46.33% of all mosquitoes. The annual average density of mosquitoes was 1.00 mosquito per hour. The seasonality of mosquitoes was unimodal, and the peak occurred in August. Conclusion The population distribution of mosquitoes and their seasonality in the urban areas of Jilin province were well documented in this study. Culex pipiens pallens was the predominant species of mosquitoes in urban, the park, the hospital and rural residential areas. Besides, Aedes vexans was also predominant species in the barns. It is recommended to carry out mosquito control from June to September in Jilin province.

Objective To provide a scientific basis for the prediction, prevention and control of dengue fever epidemic by studying dengue virus infection in mosquitoes, vector species density, and antibody level of dengue virus in human populations. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used for statistical analysis on vector monitoring and dengue antibody level in healthy human populations in Chenzhou from 2008 to 2013. Results In total, 789 healthy persons were tested from 2008 to 2013 and the IgG positive rate against dengue virus was 5.32%. As to vectors, 842 of Aedes albopictus were collected. The density of Ae. albopictus was 0.22/h. The highest density of adult Ae. albopictus among different habitats was in park with 0.31/h. The container index (CI) of the larvae was 10.33, with the highest CI in August (12.70) and in waste recycling centers (18.50). The mosquito and oviposition positive index (MOI) was 6.92% and the highest MOI was in park with 10.82%. Eighteen groups of Ae. albopictus tested negative for dengue virus. Conclusion There was no dengue fever virus in adult Aedes mosquitoes in Chenzhou, however, there were natural transmitting vector and dengue fever antibody for healthy populations. Surveillance, prevention, and control of dengue fever should be strengthened gradually.

【Abstract】 Objective In order to grasp the dynamic regularity of the population distribution and seasonal fluctuation of cockroach in Jilin province. Methods Sticky paper to trap cockroach was used in the surveillance. Results According to the surveillance results, Blattella germanica was the dominant species, accounting for 95%. However, the population density of Periplaneta americana was very low. There were two active peaks in the whole year, one was in March, the other was between July and September. Conclusion B.germanica was the dominant species in Jilin, so it should put the emphasis on its control in the future.

Objective To study the three-dimensional distribution and maintenance mechanisms of plague F1 antibody of healthy population in the plague natural foci of Hebei province. Methods To sample 196 blood samples from three administrative villages belonging to plague natural foci formerly, and collect 100 blood samples from non-infected areas as the control. Indirect hemagglutination test(IHA) and colloedal gold immunobinding were used in this test. Results There were 4 positive among 196 blood samples, and the positive rate was 2.04%. There were 4 positive samples in IHA and 3 positive samples in colloedal gold immunobinding. The human serums collected from non-infected areas were all negative after tested by theses two methods. There was significant difference between the positive rate of F1 antibody in epidemic areas and the positive rate of F1 antibody in non-epidemic areas ( χ ₂=0.822, P<0.05). Conclusion At present, there are still a number of F1 antibody positive population in the natural epidemic focus of Hebei, and it needs further investigation and analysis to clarify.

Objective To validate the feasibility of the high effective quick method establishment for the medical vector mosquito identification by DNA chip. Methods Thirty COⅠ gene partial sequences of fifteen mosquitoes which belong to five genus were analyzed. The homologous gene sequences of fifteen sequences were searched by motif and a DNA barcode chip in silico was generated. The thirty COⅠ gene partial sequences were hybridized in silico, and the identities of different genus, different species in the same genus and different samples of one specie were analyzed by Bio-Edit. The results of hybridized in silico and DNA sequence were clustered and compared using maximum parsimony method by phylip 3.66. Results A DNA barcode chip in silico with seventy-eight DNA fragment was generated. The average identity of different genus was 0.75, and the average identity of different species in the same genus was 0.84, and the average identity of different samples in the same specie was 0.98. The cluster from the results of hybridized in silico was consistent with the cluster from DNA sequence. Conclusion The DNA barcode chip can identify the fifteen mosquitoes in silico, and integrating the DNA barcode and DNA chip is feasible.

Objective To determine the SARS-CoV infection among wild animals in Guangxi. Methods Serological test and PCR method were used to detect 117 of 15 species of wild animals and 99 domesticated Paguma larvata. Results Among 15 species of wild animals in Guangxi,the SARS-CoV Ab positive rate are 22.2% for birds,20.0% for reptiles,and 0% in mammals,respectively; no SARS RNA was detected from pharynx and swabs samples of 99 domesticated Paguma larvata. Conclusion Wild birds and reptiles have high SARS-CoV infection rate,they may be the natural host or reservoir of SARS-CoV.

Objective: Evaluation on incidence control of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in people received Hantaan virus vaccine. Methods:Decision tree was analyzed and computed incidence control of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in people received Hantaan virus vaccine when vaccine cover rates were different between the low income and high income people.Results: The low income people were in high risk of HFRS and these received the low vaccine cover rate of Hantaan virus vaccine could decrease incidence control of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the epidemic stricken area.Conclusion: Incidence control of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome was effective and economic when the vaccine cover rate of people could be 80% at least, and more increasing the vaccine cover rate in the low income people.

The evolutionary history of insecticide resistance of mosquitoes in China divided into three stages: Organochlorine resistance, Organophosphate resistance and Pyrethroid resistance. The present situation indicated that the resistance of BHC and dipterex have decrease moderately, but pyrethroid resistance spreads quickly. The author consider that BHC and some organophosphate can be still use for mosquito control, and the Kdr type factor play the role of pyrethroid resistance mainly.

This experiment revealed that the cavader of Culex pipiens pallens larvae play a role of special culture medium for the Bacillus shaericus regardless in the clean or polluted water. The amount of B. S. spore declined to a lower point after 24 hr when the larvae feed the spore. After that, the amount increased and reached the peak at 96 hr and showed the high toxic against the mosquito larvae of Culex pipiens pallens. However, because the size of most breeding place of this mosquitoes are so large, this phenomenum without any applicable significance to control the breeding places of Culex pipiens pallens.